hen it comes to AWS storage services, choosing the right option can often be confusing, especially with the wide range of options available—S3, EBS, and EFS being the most prominent. In this post, we’ll dive into Amazon Elastic File System (EFS) and examine various strategies for optimizing costs effectively. But before we dive into EFS, let’s look at the different storage solutions AWS provides and how they compare.
Amazon S3 (Simple Storage Service) is a highly scalable, object-based storage solution designed for applications that need infinite storage without worrying about downtime. It’s highly flexible for storing data as objects, but it doesn't support traditional file system operations like appending to files. Developers interact with S3 by uploading (PUT) or retrieving (GET) objects, making it straightforward for cloud-native applications.
While you can use versioning to simulate appending in S3, it can quickly become costly since every version of the file is stored.
Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) is a good choice for workloads that need low latency and traditional file system features. EBS stores data in blocks, which makes it ideal for tasks like boot partitions or databases where high-speed access is essential. It integrates seamlessly with Linux, Windows, and macOS—so long as the storage is formatted correctly for the OS. You can also use EBS volumes with multi-attach for up to 16 EC2 instances, allowing shared file access in a single Availability Zone.
EBS is great for scenarios that demand performance, but it doesn’t scale as easily across instances as other options.
Amazon Elastic File System (EFS) is an elastic and serverless network file system that allows multiple EC2 instances to access files concurrently. Unlike EBS, EFS scales automatically and doesn’t require manual resizing. This is a perfect solution for workloads like web servers, content management systems, and any scenario where many instances or services need to access the same data across Availability Zones.
EFS provides high availability and scalability but comes with a performance trade-off compared to EBS, particularly with latency. Additionally, the cost of EFS can be higher, which we’ll explore more deeply later in this blog.
Each of these storage options comes with its own pricing structure, making it crucial to choose based on your workload requirements and budget. In general:
To understand AWS storage costs better, review the pricing ($/GB-Month) below, which compares the costs across different tiers and services.
After reviewing the pricing table, several observations stand out:
Given the significant price variations within EFS tiers and the fact that EFS is a costly solution overall, it’s clear that cost optimization is crucial for those using EFS extensively. Whether you're running HPC applications or multi-instance access systems, understanding EFS’s various functionalities and price points can lead to meaningful savings. In the next section, we’ll delve into the capabilities of EFS and explore strategies to optimize costs effectively.
One of the first steps in optimizing your EFS costs is determining whether your workload truly requires data redundancy. EFS offers two primary storage options: EFS Standard (multi-AZ) and EFS One Zone (single-AZ).
If your data can be easily regenerated or is not mission-critical, opting for EFS One Zone can result in significant cost savings—as much as 50% compared to EFS Standard. This makes EFS One Zone an ideal solution for workloads where redundancy across multiple Availability Zones isn't required. For example, in non-critical workloads like development and testing environments, choosing EFS One Zone can reduce costs while maintaining adequate performance, especially when multi-AZ redundancy is not required. Opting for EFS One Zone can result in significant cost savings—as much as 50% compared to EFS Standard.
Another major lever for cost optimization is leveraging EFS storage classes based on how frequently files are accessed. For most applications, the 80:20 rule applies—20% of files are accessed 80% of the time, while the remaining 80% are accessed much less frequently. However, many organizations still pay for high-cost storage for infrequently accessed files.
It’s like buying front-row seats at a football match but leaving early because your favorite team is losing badly. You’ve paid a premium for something you didn’t fully utilize.
EFS offers several storage classes to accommodate different access needs, ensuring you don’t overpay for storage. Files frequently accessed can remain in high-performance storage, while less accessed files can be moved to lower-cost, higher-latency storage options.
As of now, Amazon EFS offers three storage classes:
The IA storage class, introduced in 2018, provides a much cheaper option for storing infrequently accessed files. However, it comes with trade-offs: higher latency, lower data throughput, and per-GB retrieval fees.
In 2023, AWS introduced the EFS Archive class, optimized for long-term storage of files that are accessed a few times per year or less. Archive storage can save you up to 50% compared to the already reduced cost of the IA tier—ideal for data such as regulatory files or historical logs.
Here’s a comparison of the three EFS storage classes based on key factors:
As your data grows, the benefit of moving infrequently accessed files to the IA tier becomes apparent. However, while IA offers a more affordable storage solution, each access to these files incurs a retrieval fee. This is where keeping an eye on access patterns is crucial.
If files in IA are accessed multiple times in a short period, costs can rise unexpectedly due to the per-GB retrieval fees. Regularly monitoring your file access patterns can help you make informed decisions about which files to move to the IA or Archive tiers and when to retrieve them.
EFS Lifecycle Management with Intelligent Tiering
To streamline the process of optimizing storage costs, EFS Lifecycle Management Policies can be implemented to automatically move files between storage tiers based on their access patterns. These policies help reduce costs by transitioning data from EFS Standard to EFS Infrequent Access (IA) or EFS Archive storage classes.
Amazon EFS allows you to set lifecycle management rules that automatically transition files based on inactivity. Here’s a breakdown of the key policies:
Transition back to Standard: Files moved to IA or Archive storage are automatically moved back to Standard storage when they are accessed again. This eliminates additional Infrequent Access request charges. This rule can be configured as either disabled or set to On First Access, depending on your needs.
By default, files that haven’t been accessed for 30 days are moved to the IA storage class, and files not accessed for 90 days are moved to the Archive storage class. However, in cases where the data is rarely accessed and doesn't require the intermediate IA tier, you can configure lifecycle policies to move files directly from EFS Standard to Archive. This approach can reduce both storage and tiering costs, maximizing long-term savings.
To further simplify cost management, AWS offers EFS Intelligent-Tiering. This feature monitors the access patterns of your file system and automatically moves files between storage classes based on your configured lifecycle management policy.
With intelligent tiering, files that haven’t been accessed for the specified duration are moved to the IA tier. If a file is accessed after being transitioned to IA or Archive, it’s automatically moved back to its original tier. This ensures your storage is always optimized, even if your file access patterns change over time.
Best of all, you won’t have to worry about unexpected data access charges since you only pay for data access fees during transitions between storage classes—not for subsequent access within the same tier.
The cost of EFS is directly impacted by the throughput mode you choose. EFS is optimized for read-heavy workloads, and its throughput is related to the size of the standard storage. There are multiple throughput modes in EFS, each affecting performance and cost differently.
For every 1 GB of standard storage, EFS provides a baseline throughput of 50 KB/s. This means the total throughput of your file system is tied to its storage size. EFS metering determines the size of your file system approximately every hour, setting the baseline throughput accordingly. You are only billed for throughput that exceeds the baseline.
For example, with 100 GB of standard storage, you’ll have a baseline throughput of 5 MB/s (100 GB × 50 KB/s). If you provision throughput at 6 MB/s, you will only be charged for the excess 1 MB/s beyond the baseline, not the entire 6 MB/s.
Bursting Throughput allows your file system to exceed its baseline throughput when needed, using burst credits. Burst credits are accumulated when your workload consumes less than the baseline throughput and are used up when the throughput exceeds it.
This is ideal for workloads that occasionally need more throughput than what’s provided by the baseline.
With Elastic Throughput, EFS automatically scales the throughput up or down to match your workload, which is perfect for unpredictable or spikey workloads. You don’t need to provision throughput manually, making it ideal for workloads that use 5% or less of the peak throughput on average.
In this mode:
Elastic Throughput is cost-efficient for applications with unpredictable throughput patterns, as it automatically adjusts to match demand. If your workload requires consistently high throughput, Elastic Throughput can become expensive because every read/write operation is charged. For such cases, Provisioned Throughput (with a fixed cost) may be more cost-efficient. Elastic Throughput is like using a ride-sharing service where you only pay when you need a ride, and it adapts to your schedule.
With Provisioned Throughput, you can set your file system’s throughput to meet specific application demands, regardless of the standard storage size.
In this mode:
Provisioned Throughput is useful for applications that require high levels of consistent throughput and where you need to guarantee performance beyond the baseline. Provisioned Throughput is like renting a car—you pay upfront, ensuring capacity is always available when needed.
AWS CloudWatch provides key performance metrics that help determine the right throughput mode for your workload in Amazon EFS. One of the most relevant metrics to monitor is PermittedThroughput, which indicates the amount of allowed throughput for your file system.
Here’s how to use CloudWatch metrics to guide your decision:
Let’s consider a scenario where you have a 100 GB file system. The baseline throughput will be 5 MB/s (100 × 50 KB/s). If your application needs a consistent 6 MB/s of throughput, you will provision (6MB/s), where you’ll be charged separately for an additional 1 MB/s.
AWS EFS provides a highly scalable and flexible storage solution with various performance and cost optimization opportunities. By leveraging EFS Lifecycle Management and Intelligent Tiering, you can automatically transition data to the most cost-effective storage classes, reducing unnecessary cloud spending.
For businesses aiming to optimize cloud storage costs, implementing bursting and elastic throughput modes provides flexibility while maintaining performance.
At CloudYali, our platform enables seamless cloud cost management, helping you identify savings opportunities and optimize AWS services, including EFS, for maximum efficiency and cost reduction.
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